(It takes two bases to form a rung -- one for each side of the ladder.) A sugar molecule, a base, and a phosphate molecule group together to make up a nucleotide. Nucleotides are abundant in the ...

This backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule. DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides that are linked to one another in a chain ...

Researchers hope to solve the issue of “forever chemicals” while recycling valuable fluoride — tackling two environmental ...

The reaction product is adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and the phosphate group either ends up as orthophosphate (HPO 4) or attached to another molecule (e.g. an alcohol). Even more energy can be ...

Synthetic phosphate fertilizer poses a serious threat to our environment. Phosphate rock mining, along with the inorganic fertilizers and animal feed supplements and pesticides for which phosphate is ...