A rigid cystoscope can take biopsies and cauterise tumours. A flexible cystoscope is passed along the urethra without an anaesthetic. By manoeuvering the tip, the doctor can view all the corners ...

Diagnostic flexible cystoscopy is a routine procedure performed in outpatient clinics and hospitals under local anesthetic: at least 220,000 took place in 2004–2005. Significant bacteriuria ...